در تصاویر ثبت‌شده توسط پرسویرنس، مریخ‌نورد ناسا، نشانه‌هایی از وجود دریاچه‌ای کهن و دلتای رودخانه به‌وضوح قابل مشاهده است که از حیات کهن در سیاره سرخ خبر می‌دهد.
مریخ‌نورد پرسویرنس (Perseverance) ناسا در دهانه برخوردی یزرو (Jezero) در مریخ فرود آمد؛ جایی که دانشمندان احتمال می‌دادند رودخانه‌ای که مدت‌ها پیش خشک شده، به دریاچه‌ای سرازیر می‌شده است. رسوباتی که این رودخانه به‌صورت دلتای بادبزنی‌شکل برجای گذاشته، از فضا قابل مشاهده است.
حالا مطالعه‌ای که دو روز پیش در Science منتشر شد، تصاویر با وضوح بسیار بالای ثبت‌شده توسط پرسویرنس از سنگ‌هایی که زمانی بستر این دلتا را تشکیل می‌داده‌اند، به‌طور دقیق بررسی کرده و با مطالعه لایه‌های درونی این سنگ‌ها، نحوه شکل‌گیری آن‌ها را مشخص کرده است.
دهانه جزیرو در مریخ
تصویر ثبت‌شده از دلتای دهانه یزرو توسط مدارگرد شناسایی مریخ
امی ویلیامز، ستاره‌شناس ناسا به همراه تیمش در فلوریدا، شباهت‌هایی بین سنگ‌های مشاهده‌شده در کف دهانه یزرو و دلتاهای شکل‌گرفته در زمین پیدا کرده است. بر اساس مشاهدات این تیم، شکل سه لایه پایینی این سنگ‌ها از حضور و جریان مداوم آب حکایت می‌کند؛ به این معنی که سیاره مریخ حدود ۳٫۷ میلیارد سال پیش «به اندازه کافی گرم و مرطوب بود که چرخه آبی بتواند در آن اتفاق بیفتد.» چرخه آبی (هیدرولوژی) فرایندی است که طی آن آب در حالت‌های جامد، مایع و بخار در محیط‌های مختلف حضور دارد و تاکنون تنها در سیاره زمین مشاهده شده است.
تصاویر ثبت شده توسط پرسویرنستصویر پرسویرنس از صخره‌ای در لبه دهانه یزرو؛ سنگ‌های بزرگ‌تر در بالای صخره خبر از وقوع سیل در گذشته می‌دهند
به گفته این تیم، بالاترین و جدیدترین لایه‌های تشکیل‌دهنده این سنگ‌ها نیز شامل تکه‌سنگ‌هایی پراکنده با قطر بیش از یک متر هستند که احتمالا در اثر سیل سهمگین به آنجا منتقل شده‌اند.
اما آنچه به احتمال زیاد نشانه‌هایی از حیات کهن را در مریخ ثابت خواهد کرد، رسوب ریزدانه لایه زیرین این سنگ‌ها است. به گفته ویلیامز، «از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای مشخص بود که آنچه باعث شکل‌گیری این دلتا شده، بایستی آب بوده باشد؛ اما در اختیار داشتن این تصاویر مثل این است که داریم به جای جلد کتاب، خود کتاب را می‌خوانیم.»
کشف اینکه زمانی زندگی در مریخ جریان داشت، یکی از «بزرگ‌ترین» کشفیات بشر خواهد بود
مأموریت اصلی پرسویرنس کشف نشانه‌هایی از حیات در مریخ است؛ پروژه‌ای که توسعه آن ده‌ها سال و میلیاردها دلار هزینه در برداشته. یافته‌های جدید به پژوهشگران کمک خواهد کرد تا مقصد بعدی این مریخ‌نورد را برای بررسی خاک و سنگ‌هایی که شاید دربردارنده نشانه‌هایی از حیات در مریخ باشند، مشخص کنند.
تصویر ماهواره‌ای از دهانه یزرو نقاط مورد توجه پرسورینس را نشان می‌دهد
در بازه زمانی چندین ساله، مریخ‌نورد پرسویرنس مأموریت دارد ۳۰ نمونه سنگ و خاک را در لوله‌های مهروموم‌شده جمع‌آوری کند تا سرانجام در دهه ۲۰۳۰، برای تجزیه و تحلیل آزمایشگاهی به زمین ارسال شود. ماه گذشته، دانشمندان حاضر در این پروژه اعلام کردند که پرسویرنس دو نمونه سنگ در دهانه یزرو جمع‌آوری کرده است که نشان می‌دهد در تماس طولانی‌مدت با آب‌های زیرزمینی بوده‌اند.
حالا چشم امید دانشمندان به این است که این نمونه‌ها در برهه‌ای از زمان میزبان حیات میکروبی کهن بوده باشند و شواهد این حیات ممکن است در ماده معدنی نمک به دام افتاده باشد. به اعتقاد ویلیامز، کشف اینکه زمانی زندگی در مریخ جریان داشت، یکی از «بزرگ‌ترین» کشفیات بشر خواهد بود. او می‌گوید مشاهده سیستم رودخانه‌ای کهن در سیاره‌ای دیگر، چیزی که پیش از این هیچ‌کس ندیده بود، برای او تجربه به‌شدت روشنگرانه‌ای بوده است.
طرحی از دهانه جزیرو زمانی که دریاچه بود
پرسویرنس ۱ فوریه (۳۰ بهمن) در مریخ فرود آمد و این مطالعه به بررسی تصاویر از راه دوری که این مریخ‌نورد در سه ماه اول مأموریت خود ثبت کرده، پرداخته است. پرسویرنس که تقریبا اندازه یک خودروی شاسی‌بلند است، مجهز به ۱۹ دوربین، یک بازوی رباتیک دوم‌تری، دو میکروفون و مجموعه از ابزارهای پیشرفته است. یکی از این ابزارها SuperCam نام دارد که با لیزر از فاصله دور از سنگ‌ها تصویربرداری می‌کند تا به کمک دستگاهی که ترکیب شیمیایی آن‌ها را آشکار می‌کند، گاز به دام افتاده در آن‌ها را مورد مطالعه قرار بدهد.
سفر پرسویرنس به همراه بالگرد مریخی «نبوغ» (Ingenuity) که پره‌های آن ۵ برابر سریع‌تر از مدل‌های زمینی می‌چرخند، هفت ماه طول کشید. مأموریت این مریخ‌نورد این است که از دلتا و سپس ساحل دریاچه کهن عبور کند و سرانجام به اکتشاف در لبه‌های دهانه یزرو بپردازد.
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