ریشه‌ی مدیریت پروژه به روش‌ها و فرآیندهایی برمی‌گردد که حدود صد سال پیش در کسب‌و‌کار توسعه پیدا کردند. با این حال، در سال‌های اخیر، مدیریت پروژه رشد چشمگیری داشته و به عنوان یک عملیات مجزا و جدی در تجارت ظهور کرده است و در صحنه‌ی تجارت جهانی، یعنی جایی که شرکت‌ها دائما به دنبال رسیدن به مزیت رقابتی هستند، به یک عامل کلیدی تبدیل شده است. در مقاله زیر با مفهوم مدیریت پروژه بیشتر آشنا خواهید شد.
مدیران پروژه برخلاف مدیران تجاریِ شرکت، خود را فقط محدود به نظارت بر یک جنبه از عملیات نمی‌کنند، همچنین برای رسیدگی و مقابله با مسائل مدیریتی محدودیت زمانی هم ندارند. در عوض، مدیران پروژه وظیفه‌ی پیچیده‌ای برعهده دارند: آنها باید تمامی جنبه‌های پروژه را بررسی کرده و از اجرای درست و به موقع آنها، در محدوده‌ی بودجه‌ای که برای‌شان تعیین شده، اطمینان حاصل کنند.
برای موفقیت در این کار، مدیران پروژه باید مهارت‌‌های خاصی کسب کنند و مجوزهایی بگیرند که صلاحیت‌شان را در انجام این شغلِ سخت تأیید کنند. آنها همچنین باید ذهنی تحلیل‌گر داشته باشند و بتوانند به خوبی با دیگران ارتباط برقرار کنند.
برای افرادی که از پس سختی‌ها و پیچیدگی‌های این کار به خوبی بربیایند، مدیریت پروژه می‌تواند شغل لذت‌بخشی باشد.
فرآیند مدیریت پروژه
دکتر ساینا
مدیر پروژه بر فرآیند پروژه از ابتدا تا انتها نظارت دارد
به بیان ساده، مدیر پروژه فردی است که پروژه را بررسی می‌کند تا از انجام درست آن در محدوده‌ی زمانی و مالیِ موجود اطمینان حاصل کند. البته، کاملا مشخص است که در سازمان‌های بزرگ، این کارِ ساده‌ای نیست و نیازمند مشارکت افراد زیادی است.
یکی از اولین وظایف مدیر پروژه این است که هدف پروژه را تعیین کند، به بیان دیگر، با جزئیات شرح دهد که پروژه قرار است به چه چیزی دست پیدا کند. در مرحله‌ی بعد، مدیر پروژه باید یک برنامه‌ی زمانی آماده کرده، وظایف هر کدام از اعضای گروه را مشخص و برای هر وظیفه‌ی خاص، فرجه‌ی زمانی تعیین کند.
مدیر پروژه در کنار برنامه‌ی زمانی، باید بودجه را هم تعیین کند. بودجه باید به گونه‌ای مشخص شود که بدون اسراف و ولخرجی، بتواند هزینه‌های غیرقابل پیش‌بینی را نیز پوشش دهد. بعد از اینکه پروژه آغاز شد، مدیر پروژه باید مطمئن شود که همه‌ی اعضای گروه، منابعی که برای رسیدن به اهداف‌شان مورد نیاز است، در اختیار دارند.
معمولا مدیر پروژه با استفاده از روش مسیر بحرانی (CPM)، برنامه‌ریزی خود را انجام می‌دهد. روش مسیر بحرانی، فرمولی است که فعالیت‌های مختلف پروژه را به ترتیب و به مؤثرترین شکل ممکن، زمانبندی می‌کند.
بعد از اینکه برنامه‌ی زمانی مشخص شد، مدیر پروژه باید مدیران مافوق را در جریان پیشرفت پروژه قرار دهد، انتظاراتی که از اعضای تیم می‌رود را به آنها گوشزد کند و با توجه به بودجه بهترین منابعِ ممکن را در اختیار آنها قرار دهد. راهنمای پیکره‌ی دانش مدیریت پروژه (به انگلیسی PMBOK Guide)، پنچ گروه از فرآیند مدیریت پروژه را مشخص می‌کند که تحت عنوان رویکرد سنتی به مدیریت پروژه نیز شناخته می‌شوند. مدیر پروژه باید به دقت به این فرآیندها توجه کند و اعضای تیم هم باید آنها را به خوبی به اجرا درآورند.
پنج گروه فرآیند مدیریت پروژه به شرح زیر هستند:
آغاز
برنامه‌ریزی
اجرا
نظارت و کنترل
اتمام
راهنمای پیکره‌ی دانش مدیریت پروژه (PMBOK Guide)، این گروه‌ها را به عنوان یک سری اقدامات و فعالیت‌هایی معرفی می‌کند که با هم رابطه‌ی متقابل دارند و برای رسیدن به نتیجه، هدف یا خدماتِ از پیش تعیین شده به اجرا درمی‌آیند.
پیشگامان مدیریت پروژه
مدیریت پروژه در نیمه‌ی دوم قرن بیستم، و به کمک استراتژی‌هایی تکامل پیدا کرد که این استراتژی‌ها توسط پرسنل نظامی در جنگ جهانی دوم برای نظارت و بررسیِ پروژه‌های بزرگ و پیچیده‌ای استفاده می‌شد که شامل هزاران نفر و تجهیزات نظامیِ وسیعی می‌شدند.
ریشه‌های مدیریت پروژه را می‌توانیم در پروژه‌های بزرگ دولتی که در اواخر قرن نوزدهم اجرا می‌شدند، خصوصا پروژه‌های مربوط به ساخت خطوط راه‌آهن بین قاره‌ای، نیز ببینیم. پروژه‌ی خط آهن در سال ۱۸۶۰ آغاز شد، هزاران نفر در آن مشغول به کار بودند و چندین تُن مواد اولیه‌ی خام که از مکان‌های مختلف آورده می‌شدند نیز در آن به‌کار گرفته می‌شد.
در اوایل قرن بیستم میلادی، فردریک تیلور (Frederick Taylor) با معرفی مفهوم مدیریتِ هر مرحله از کار روزانه برای کارگران، تجارت صنعتی را متحول کرد. تیلور به جای اینکه از کارگران بخواهد بیشتر تلاش کنند یا ساعات کاری‌شان را افزایش دهند، استراتژی‌هایی برای انجام هوشمندانه‌ترِ کارها پایه‌گذاری کرد و در نتیجه بازدهی را بالا برد.
هنری گانت (Henry Gantt)، که یکی از دستیاران تیلور بود و در کشتی‌سازی مهارت داشت، در طول جنگ جهانی اول، ایده‌ی استفاده از نمودارهای مختلف برای انجام بعضی از وظایف را توسعه داد.
فعالیت‌های گانت باعث شدند که مدیریت پروژه به عنوان رشته‌ای مجزا در محیط کاری و همچنین در مطالعات روانشناسی صنعتی و مدیریت منابع انسانی و بازاریابی شناخته شود. در زمان جنگ جهانی دوم، مدیران صنعتی و نظامی شروع به استفاده از فرآیندهای مدیریتی و استراتژيک دقیق‌تری کردند تا بتوانند بیشترین بهره را از نیروی کار بگیرند. این استراتژی‌ها شامل نمودارهای شبکه‌ای و روش مسیر بحرانی بودند.
خیلی زود این فعالیت‌ها در صنایع مختلف رواج پیدا کردند. با اینکه جزئیات آنها در دوره‌های زمانی و صنایع مختلف متفاوت بودند، اما فلسفه‌ی اصلی تغییری نکرده بود: برای رسیدن به موفقیت، تمامی پرسنل و سیستم‌های مختلفی که در تجارت وجود دارند، باید در هماهنگی با هم کار کنند تا بتوان به موفقیت دست پیدا کرد و پروژه را به نتیجه رساند.
رسم انواع مختلف نمودارها به مدیریت پروژه کمک می‌کند
مدارک و گواهی‌نامه‌ها در مدیریت پروژه
مدیران پروژه بسته به زمینه‌ی فعالیت‌شان می‌توانند مدرکی در موضوعاتی مثل مهندسی (برای نظارت و بررسیِ پروژه‌های ساختمانی) یا علوم کامپیوتر (برای کار در بخش آی.تی) بگیرند. مدرک MBA هم برای مدیران پروژه در رشته‌های مختلف مفید است.
در خودِ رشته‌ی مدیریت پروژه، گواهی‌نامه‌های خاصی وجود دارد که داشتن آنها ضروری است. یکی از مهم‌ترین آنها، گواهی‌نامه‌ی «متخصص مدیریت پروژه» (PMP) است که از طرف مؤسسه‌ی مدیریت پروژه (PMI) به متقاضیان داده می‌شود.
داشتن گواهی‌نامه‌ی PMP شرط لازم خیلی از شرکت‌ها برای استخدام مدیر پروژه است. مدیران پروژه همچنین می‌توانند مدرک «دستیار تایید‌شده‌ی مدیریت پروژه» (CAPM) را نیز بگیرند که به عنوان سنگ زیربنای PMP شناخته می‌شود.
مشاغل مناسبِ مدیران پروژه
معمولا مدیران پروژه می‌توانند مشاغل مختلفی را بر عهده بگیرند که از میان آنها به چند مورد اشاره می‌کنیم:
هماهنگ‌کننده‌ی پروژه: کارمندانی که در این پُست مشغول به کار می‌شوند، معمولا به کارهای اداریِ مرتبط با پروژه‌های بزرگ رسیدگی می‌کنند، جلسات را هماهنگ و اطلاعات را به افراد مربوطه منتقل می‌کنند.
مسئول زمانبندی پروژه: این فرد سیستم نرم‌افزاری‌ای که برای پروژه‌های بزرگ مورد نیاز است را کنترل می‌کند و به هنگام لزوم آن را به‌روز رسانی می‌کند و مثلا، تغییرات برنامه‌ها و فرجه‌های زمانی را وارد سیستم می‌کند. این بیشتر یک وظیفه‌ی فنی است تا مدیریتی.
دستیار مدیر پروژه: از این فرد انتظار می‌رود که در مواقع لزوم به مدیر پروژه کمک کند. معمولا قسمت‌های مختلفی از پروژه به این افراد داده می‌شود که زیر نظر مدیر پروژه آنها را بررسی می‌کنند.
مدیر پروژه: وظیفه‌ی او بررسی و نظارت بر پروژه از آغاز تا زمان تکمیل است.
مدیر پروژه‌ی ارشد: این فرد بر چند پروژه به صورت همزمان نظارت دارد، پروژه‌های مختلف را با هم هماهنگ می‌کند، در مورد اولویت‌ها تصمیم‌گیری و بودجه‌ی کلی و منابع مورد نیاز تمامی پروژه‌ها را مدیریت می‌کند.
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